Popular, Fine, Folk: Making Do and Thinking Out of the Box Essay

Once upon a time, at the turn of the 20th century, Marcel Duchamp brought a urinal into the museum. As expected, it was banned from being shown in a major exhibition at that time. Today, the urinal is called a ‘found object,† a fine arts category that has become standard practice for contemporary artists, especially those who are working on media and techniques spawned by Duchamp’s rebellion: conceptual art, installations, and the readymade. One of the most famous latter day versions is that of Andy Warhol’s Campbell soup and Brillo boxes – those mass consumer items that found their way into the domain of the fine arts, and in their turn spawned another academic art historical category: Pop Art. Once upon a time, at the turn of the 19th century, the Dutch artist Vincent Van Gogh, who has not sold a single painting during his lifetime (with the possible exception of one work bought by his brother Theo), died a pauper. In the 1980s, his Sunflower fetched millions of dollars at an auction. Today, he is not only a bestseller; he is also considered one of the best artists of all times. Once upon a time, Madonna was just any other upstart, who with her limited vocal range was singing seemingly superficial songs like â€Å"Like a Virgin† and â€Å"Material Girl. † Today, she and her ‘bad girl’ image, as well as her numerous personas, is the subject of numerous academic papers on popular culture. This and examples from Charlie Parker, as well – Shakespeare, the Shaker furniture, the quilt, Amazing Grace, photography – tell us not only that values change through time, some for the better, others for the worse, depending on one’s point of view. The more important point is that, while terms like popular, fine and folk arts are valuable as terms of convenience, they are unreliable – perhaps even superfluous or unnecessary – as terms of judgment or standards, as in say, low and high art, good and bad art, truthful and false art, among many other boundaries. On one hand, these boundaries are important because they guard against extreme relativism, an intellectual indolence that results in people thinking that anything can be art, and that art is anything and everything that you can get away with. On the other hand, boundaries prevent us from looking at art forms more productively, or think out of the box. As Parker’s essay suggests, it is more productive to suspend our received judgments or templates – if only for a while – and analyze each art form on their own terms: as part of certain domains (popular, fine, folk and their combinations) with their own specific dynamics, gatekeepers, institutions, forms and contexts of production, reception, creativity and artistry and their own specific systems of producing and making meanings. These elements – domain (popular, fine, folk), field (gatekeepers and institutions), artistry (form, content, context) – clash and intersect with each other in an uneven world, characterized by unequal power relations. In this context, extreme relativism – that anything and everything can be art – is problematic. While it is true that anything – say, the urinal – can be art, its transformation required a movement from one domain to another: from the everyday to the museum, where it was lit and put on a pedestal, was signed and given a title (The Fountain) and in the process, became a candidate for appreciation, contemplation, and later, legitimation by the gatekeepers – the people (art historians, critics) and institutions (media, museums, schools) who had the power to rethink its meaning, and bestow on the urinal the term â€Å"art,† under the rubric â€Å"found object,† â€Å"readymade,† â€Å"conceptual art. Such legitimation was later confirmed by artistic, critical and curatorial practice: today, the Fountain, which started out as a rebellion against art and its definitions, is now ironically an academic, art historical and critical orthodoxy. Boundaries between domains are therefore simultaneously porous and self-contained. Everyday objects enter the fine arts, and vice versa. What used to be â€Å"folk† and popular, as in Shakespeare and Bob Dylan are now classics. When the urinal became The Fountain, it ceased to become a mundane object and entered the domain of the museum and the academe, subject to their terms and conditions. When elements of popular culture – the Brillo box, Campbell soup – crossed the boundaries, it became an art-historical category: Pop Art. And when Madonna crossed over from the Billboard charts to academe, her feminist radical potential was recognized, but at the same time, again quite ironically, tamed because her pop rebellion is now academic. Parker mapped the domains according to class – fine arts is a product of the elite, folk, of common folk and popular, of the masses. In real life of course, soap operas (popular) are viewed by different classes and sub-classes; jazz and hip hop, which started out in the ghettos were co-opted by American Top 40s; the Mona Lisa, the epitome of the Classic Masterpiece, found and continue to find its way into t-shirts and tabletops. Thus, instead of bemoaning that standards of excellence are being eroded, it may be more productive to chart these movements of objects and images, not only in terms of content, expression or truths that they contain, as question No. 3 leads us to suspect, but also in terms of how these truths are expressed (form), and the circumstances within which these truths are produced (context). Put another way, instead of persuading the â€Å"masses† that Hamlet is as entertaining as My Fair Lady, it would probably be better to find out why and how My Fair Lady ticks today and why and how Hamlet, which caught the imagination of royalties and subjects alike, clicked during the Elizabethan period and no longer does so today. I suspect this is not because standards of excellence have waned; it is just that each epoch, age, society and culture has its own way of defining, producing, valuing, consuming and receiving art. To be an intellectual therefore does not mean, being the kind of intellectual espoused by Arendt, one who imposes a top-down approach – imposing Hamlet on the masses, for instance. Instead, we need the kind of intellectual who will sit in front of the TV set, watch almost everything – from the seemingly most idiotic sitcoms to the most enlightening art film – and analyze and read the pictures, images and mediums, according to an oppositional and critical frame that works from and within, not from without and from the top. In other words, this is the kind of intellectual that challenges what is and sets out to suggest what is possible, not by imposing so-called alternatives (Hamlet instead of My Fair Lady), but by a process called bricolage – a process of thinking out of the box by making do with, pilfering, borrowing, and reconfiguring what is available, after a sensitive, critical and thorough analysis based on the parameters of form, content, context and domain, field and artist.

Porter’s 5 Forces of Age Advantage

1. Bargaining power of supplier – HIGH As it has been mentioned before in the external analysis, staffing difficulties is one of the issues threatening the aged care service company. The issue of labor shortages then limits the ability of Age Advantage to recruit key people and add up the bargaining power of suppliers who provide workers for aged care service. As labor costs represent the largest fixed costs for aged care service providers, this can be considered as a threat for the business. 2. Bargaining power of buyer – MEDIUMBased on our research, there is a fair level of choice and options regarding age care service providers in Malaysia resulting in medium level of bargaining power of buyer. However, it is assumed not to be a significant problem for Age Advantage. As with our unique age in place service, we believe that we have a higher degree of competitive advantage compared to other aged care service providers existing in Malaysia. 3. Threat of substitutes â₠¬â€œ LOW The threat of the development of robotics for assisting with health care and aged care can be said as embryonic at the moment as it faces cost and price barriers as well as low social acceptance.Also, the existence of aged home can be said as not hazardous with the trend of ageing people preferring to receive service at home rather than residing in aged care facilities. Hence, the threat of substitutes for this business can be considered as low. 4. Threat of new entrants – LOW The low threat of new entrants is a result of high start-up costs for this kind of business as well as the length of the franchise agreement which could reach up to 10 years as people tend to avoid this kind of too-long-term contract.Besides, adequate training and well-trained labor force is essential for aged care service as this business deals with the life of people. Not forgetting as well the requirement of license approval from the government in order to enter the aged care service industr y. As a result, it results in a high degree of entry barriers causing a low degree of threat of new entrants. 5. Intensity of rivalry – LOW As it has been stated previously, there is only a fair level of choice and options regarding aged care service providers in Malaysia.Derived from the research we have done, age in place service is still rare in Malaysia as most aged care facilities have not provided a service of aged care at clients’ own homes. With the competitive advantage we own, it is believed that intensity of rivalry surrounding our business is low as the kind of service we provide is still considered one of a kind in Malaysia. 6. Complementary product We also add up a complementary product like insurance that when released pays the cost of aged care. Therefore, the insurer and their products become the complementor and the consumer gains additional value.

Auto Accident Rates in Teens Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Auto Accident Rates in Teens - Research Paper Example It has now become an issue on how auto accident rates in teens can be controlled. Most scholars are conducting researches on how they can link stricter enforcement of traffic laws or stricter curfew laws with reduction of auto accident rates in teens. In the recent years, localities as well as cities all over the US have majored on youth curfew uses to address the burning issue of increased teenage accidents. Policy makers see these curfews as the best and effective mechanisms of dealing with the rising auto accident rates in teens. According to Ricardi (1997), reducing youths on the streets at night and during school days have reduced the rates of teen accidents. These among other curfews set on youth make it possible to reduce deaths caused on the roads by the youths. As a matter of fact, controlling youth driving through curfews and strict rules has worked marvelous with parents who saw it as punishment at start, regarding it a great benefit. Auto accident rates are very high on t eens than on any other age group. The main cause of the high auto accident rates in teens is risk taking. Teenagers find it fun when they engage in risky driving skills to prove to their peers that they are qualified drivers. They over speed, make dangerous turns, violate traffic signals and signs, tailgate and run red lights among others as noted by Males and Macallair (1999). All these increase their chances of engaging in motor crashes. Other factors leading to high auto crashes among teens are lack of driving skills, drugs and alcohol, night driving, and carrying of passengers especially fellow teens. Male teen drivers are more likely to cause auto accidents than female teen drivers are. This accelerates when make teen drivers carry male teens who are likely to distract them on the roads. It is notable that teen drivers are not likely to recognize risky situations while driving and as a result, end up in a car crash. They do not have safety belts locked up when driving (Leonard, 2006). Linking stricter enforcement of traffic laws or stricter curfew laws with reduction of auto accident rates in teens As noted earlier, auto accident rates in teens are the highest all over the world and especially in developed countries where almost all teens have access to cars. It has become an issue all over the world, on how those accidents can be controlled. It is not easy for parents to impose strict rules on their teenage children in order to avoid fatal accidents on the roads. A parent cannot monitor the type and number of passengers his or her teenage boy carries while out driving. It is also difficult for a parent to hold a driving license of his son because he is driving carelessly. However, with the help of the government through imposition of traffic laws, it becomes absolutely easy to monitor and control teenage driving with harsh measures taken to the violators of the laws (Ruefle & Brantley, 1997). Considering the strict laws passed in Oregon, the teens are ar guing that the laws are too harsh and need to be lessened. However, the parents are happy with the results of the laws. In fact, 52% of the parents in Oregon think that the violators of the set traffic rules should be dealt with in very harsh ways. The accident rates caused by teens have been reduced as teens are subjected to strict rules in their driving ventures. For instance, â€Å"The state restricts 16- and 17-year-old drivers from using cell phones, even hands-free, set a curfew and limits the number of passeng

Cross Cultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Cross Cultural Management - Essay Example The diversity management programs are aimed at creating a welcoming organizational environment. Without the diversity management programs in workplaces there would be trouble within the organization in terms of employee relations and general performance of the company. This is because the policies in place do not accommodate people of diverse cultures. For example, an employee may have different sexual orientation from the one that is permitted within the policies of the organization. The employee in question may be good and productive, but since the organization cannot accommodate the culture, the employee is forced to lose the job. Cox (2001) notes, â€Å"The challenge of diversity is not simply to have it but to create conditions in which its potential to be a performance barrier is minimized and its potential to enhance performance is maximized. (P.10). The main reasons that make companies adapt to the cultural diversity of their personnel are to give individuals equal opportuni ties, compensatory justice, equality in the workplace, increase talent pools , competitive advantage, and to make good business sense. Solutions to questions Give individuals equal opportunities Adapting to the cultural diversity of personnel is aimed at giving equal opportunities to individuals. ... This can lead to a loss-loss situation in that, the individual will lose the job and the company may miss the opportunity to recruit a competent employee. Compensatory justice The companies encourage diversity in workplaces†to overcome historical discrimination against specific groups of people to compensate those who have been intentionally and unjust fully wronged (kellough, 2006; Valasquez, 2005).These specific groups of people may have been discriminated due to their race, ethnicity and sexual orientation. Compensatory justice is another way of improving the corporate image and enhancing equality within the organization. This is most people like to be employed by the companies that have improved both their formal and informal structures to accommodate them. This is because everyone wishes to work in an environment in which they feel safe and adequately represented. Promotion of equality in workplace Having policies and structures that support diverse cultures is an effectiv e way of promoting equality in a workplace. This creates the picture within the organization that no culture is given preference over the other. All cultures are treated equally. The equity has not been achieved in most organizations. This is because most companies tend to exclude the majority group and give special attention to the minority group. This still does not achieve equality as the majority group becomes the discriminated group. Cultural diversity management not only refers to the groups that have been looked down upon, but to the â€Å"mixture of differences, similarities and tensions that can exist among the elements of a pluralistic mixture† (Thomas, 2005, P.93). Increased talent

Corporate finance 501 case assigment 5 Mergers and acquisitions Essay

Corporate finance 501 case assigment 5 Mergers and acquisitions Oracle-Sun Merger - Essay Example The paper will firstly deal with the impact of this merger on the shareholders of each of the companies. The paper will also provide a brief overview of how the financial condition of both the companies has improved post the merger. The paper will further deal with how the two companies together prove to be more profitable than each of them individually and how the companies prove to be more successful. The merger of the two companies has proven to be very helpful and beneficial to the shareholders of both the companies. Issues that have been prevalent in the organizations individually are now being treated and improved. These improvements simply mean more sales and higher revenue which in turn simply means that the shareholders earn more. The businesses provide the shareholders with a high return and together the two companies are able to beat the tough competition that they faced from companies like Microsoft. Hence with the increased availability of resources and a combination of excellent products, the company will be able to generate higher revenues thereby providing the shareholders with better results and returns. In a presentation by Sun, the company has listed out a few of the benefits for the companies individually as well as in a partnership. The report stated that for the Sun customers, ‘Oracle plans to protect, extend and enhance customers’ investments after closing’ (Sun). The company also expects that there will be higher investments and innovation in the research and development and also extended value for better and more rounded off products. Also the Sun customers will be able to use the global systems and services of Oracle. In the case of the oracle customers, ‘Reduces integration costs while improving performance, reliability and security of the system’ (Sun). The customers would also gain a complete and integrated line of standards based products as

Marketing in fashion business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing in fashion business - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of marketing as the process of determining the products or services which are been wanted by customers and also laying down strategies of making the sale and improving the communications with the customers. Marketing is such an important aspect of any business if maximum profits are to be made and many customers reached. There are many methods of marketing which will at most times be determined by the type of products or services to be marketed. In fashion businesses marketing is very important. It will determine the rate of which your commodities will be sold. There are many approaches you can use in reaching the customers but before it all, you must ensure that there well laid down strategies. Without marketing strategies, your business will not achieve anything since it is repeatedly said that ‘failing to plan is planning to fail.’ In the marketing of fashion designs, you must make sure that the market is broad and that the products or services satisfy the customers. Satisfaction in itself is a tool for marketing since when you meet the demands of the customers to the letter they will influence others extrinsically to like your fashion. Fashion is a big industry and it can be very risky to venture into if you are not ready to market your products or services. You have to make sure that you reach customers from all corners of the world or the intended area. The sale does not matter much in this kind of marketing but what will matter more is the satisfaction of customers.... In planning you ought to be realistic by comparing the plan with previous plans (White and Grifftiths, 2000 p.36). Strategies in fashion marketing One of the marketing strategies you have to employ in fashion marketing is use of the internet. This is very quick since a photograph posted on the internet will be seen by people from all parts of the world. This is very important since this fashion industry requires fast marketing before the fashion becomes outdated. You have to reach the customers that quick when their desires of the fashion are high. In the websites the customers will analyze the product or service. Therefore t should be done with a lot expertise so as to lure the customers very quickly (Vogt and Wojak, 2007 p.124). You should make use of the media in fashion marketing. This is a quick method to reach many people in a short time. In televisions you should market your produces or services. In radios it can also be done. In areas where magazines are quickly sold like in the developed countries you can use them to advertise your commodity. For marketing of fashion cloths like dresses this is one best tool you can use. You can portray varieties of features of models wearing the dresses. This has been used by the Tony Company in US and their fashion dresses are in sale unlike the situation with other fashion industries who are seated back to wait for customers. Another method of marketing in fashion industry is online advertising. In this you can post a lot of articles and photographs on your commodities (Tungate, 2008 p.98). You can also use other blogs like the email blogs to market. For those who are fans of browsing then you will reach them very fast.

He impact of IT in branding for the teenage market Research Paper

He impact of IT in branding for the teenage market - Research Paper Example Branding is considered as one of the hottest topics in the business field as its overall attraction and significance has become more important in the recent past. With the rise of the web and other I.T. technologies, the need to have effective branding strategy has became more significant because of the speed with which information is provided to the consumers. Over the period of time, organizations have used branding as one of the important strategic tools to improve and consolidate their relationships with the customers. However, more importantly, branding has provided the organizations a strong chance to further penetrate into their chosen target markets. The strategic use of branding therefore is considered as one of the key strategic variables for organizations to manage and control effectively. Organizations which are better at managing and executing a well crafted branding strategy are more successful as compared to the firms which fail to realize their true potential and positively use the power of their brands for achieving the competitive advantage. The emergence of globalization and the spread of Western values and culture over the different geographical regions therefore suggest that the branding can be effectively used to achieve the necessary competitive advantage in really fluid global market. One of the important and emerging themes regarding the impact of IT in branding is the ease with which marketers can actually communicate with their customers. The advent of the different digital media and the spread of internet have allowed brand managers to improve the coordination between the customers and the organization itself and hence the brands are getting better exposure to the same.( Davey, 2010). Some studies suggested that the use of information technology in the product marketing and branding has resulted into the savings of time as well as reduction in the error.

Hip Hop Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10750 words

Hip Hop Culture - Research Paper Example In order to begin to explore the history of the development of hip hop, it would be appropriate to familiarize with such a direction in music, like rap, which is translated literally and means - rhythmic poetry (rap with a stick). First, it would be appropriate to discuss how all this happened in America – motherland of hip hop, and then look at this event in Russian culture. The history of hip hop began in 1969 in South Bronx - the black ghettos of New York. However, the word â€Å"hip hop† itself did not exist yet - DJ Africa Bambaataa invented it five years later when this culture had required a general title. And in 1969 another legendary DJ, Cool Herk, coined another word: â€Å"b-boys† - short for â€Å"break boys† – â€Å"the boys, dancing in the breaks.† So, Cool Herk invented the word â€Å"b-boys†. Its original content was innocent, but society, as always, deciphered it in its own way, assuming the young shoots disco as â€Å"bad boys† – â€Å"hooligans.† Their girlfriends were named as â€Å"flygirls† – â€Å"fly†, pretty, outdoor shots dressed girls. As always, young people proudly raised the banner of these names on - and the culture of hip hop hatch to the world. Cool Herk moved to the Bronx from Jamaica - and brought the tradition of the Kingston street dances to which the DJ turns on the plate with reggae, and poets start their recitative. But it was not music, but in the street, the independence of these events and the leading role of the DJ. Prior to this, the American DJ was a hired ‘horse’ in the big clubs and put what the owners wanted it off.

Hospitality Industry Essay Example for Free

Hospitality Industry Essay 1.1 Introduction to Hospitality Industry 1.1.1 The Nature of the Hospitality Industry What is the meaning of HOSPITALITY? There have been different definitions of Hospitality. Broadly speaking, Hospitality is the act of kindness in welcoming and looking after the basic needs of guests or strangers, mainly in relation to food, drink and accommodation. A contemporary explanation of Hospitality refers to the relationship process between a guest and a host. When we talk about the â€Å"Hospitality Industry†, we are referring to the companies or organisations which provide food and/or drink and/or accommodation to people who are away from home. However, this definition of the â€Å"Hospitality Industry† only satisfies most situations. Can you think of any circumstances where the phrase â€Å"away from home† would not be accurate? Resort hotel Introduction to Hospitality 2 ACTIVITY 1 In groups, consider the hospitality industry in Hong Kong. Discuss the different sectors in the hospitality industry. (Hint: A sector of hospitality industry can be profit-making or non-profit-making.) You may also give the names of some companies in the hospitality industry. One example has been given in the table below. Work on the table to see which group in your class comes up with the most appropriate examples. Hospitality industry in Hong Kong Sector Products/services provided Example Name of company/ organisation Food and Beverage Food and drink Fast food McDonald’s ACTIVITY 2 Look at the table that your group has just completed and compare the answers with other groups. Have you been to any of the above companies or organisations? What services did you receive from them? Were you satisfied with the way you were treated by the company or its staff? Did they understand what services you wanted? Did they provide what you wanted quickly and accurately? Was the staff member friendly or rude? Based on the discussion above, suggest five qualities or traits that a successful staff member in the hospitality industry should possess. Do you or your group members possess any of these qualities or traits? Introduction to Hospitality 3 1.1.2 The Tangible and Intangible Nature of the Hospitality Industry In Activity 1, we learned about different types of products and services provided by the hospitality industry. The physical products of hospitality, e.g. food and drink in a restaurant or the actual hotel room, are products that are sold at a price to the guests or customers (e.g. the price a guest paid for renting a hotel room, or the price a customer paid for buying a meal in a restaurant). These are often regarded as the TANGIBLE aspects of hospitality. However, our experience of the hospitality industry does not only rely on the tangibles. Think about your experience of being a customer in a restaurant or a guest in a hotel. What else, apart from the food in restaurants and the facilities in hotel rooms, do you think can make your hospitality experience more enjoyable and satisfied? A successful hospitality business does not only count on its products and services, but also how they are delivered. The qualities of staff and the way they deliver the service are often more important than the tangible products in making a hospitality experience satisfactory or unsatisfactory. We call these the INTANGIBLE aspects of hospitality. Can you think of any INTANGIBLE aspects of the hospitality industry? 1.1.3 Relationship between the Hospitality Industry and Tourism As we have seen, the hospitality industry includes hotels and restaurants, as well as many other types of organisations or institutions that offer food, drink, shelter and other related services. These products and services are offered not only to people away from home, but also to local guests. A manager in the hospitality industry, therefore, must keep in mind the following three objectives: 1. Making the guests feel welcome personally 2. Making things work for the guests 3. Making sure that the operation will continue to provide service and meet its budget Apart from local guests, can you think of any other guests who may need services and products provided by the hospitality industry? Introduction to Hospitality 4 ACTIVITY 3 Now work in pairs and follow the instructions below: Tourist A – You are an 18-year-old student from Beijing. You visit Hong Kong for the first time with your cousin who is also from Beijing this summer. As you are a student, you travel on a budget and are planning to come to Hong Kong round trip by train. You plan to stay in Hong Kong for 5 days/4 nights. Tourist B – You are a businessman from Sweden. Your company is a car manufacturer. You come to Hong Kong for an international automobile exhibition. You will fly to Hong Kong and stay for two nights before you fly to Singapore for another business meeting. You will stay in Singapore for two nights before going home. In two minutes, write down as many as possible of the products and services you would require from the different sectors of the tourism industry for your trip. Compare your answers with those of your partner. Do you have different or similar answers? How many of the points you jotted down are similar to those of your partner? Fill in the following table: A young student (Tourist A) A business traveller (Tourist B) In Activity 3 we learned there are different kinds of tourists. Regardless of what type of tourist they are, they all need shelter and food and drink – the basic hospitality services – at ALL points of the tourism cycle, not just at the destination. This is why hospitality can be referred to as one of the principal dimensions in tourism, along with transportation, specialist shops and leisure activities. Unlike tourism, hospitality, however, serves both tourist and non-tourist needs. To enhance your understanding of the relationship between the hospitality and tourism industry, complete Activity 4. Introduction to Hospitality 5 ACTIVITY 4 The following diagram shows the relationship between the hospitality and tourism industry. Can you think of more services with examples to add to the diagram? Hospitality Industry Hospitality Industry Tourism Industry Tourism Industry Institutional/ Institutional/ Welfare Catering Welfare Catering e.g. Hospital e.g. Hospital e.g. Hotels, e.g. Hotels, Transportation services Transportation services e.g. Car Rental, e.g. Car Rental, In Activity 4 we learned the hospitality industry is a part of a wider group of economic activities called tourism. In addition, not all hospitality businesses are profit-making business.

Engineer is Essay Example for Free

Engineer is Essay Engineer is A person who designs, builds, or maintains engines, machines, or structures and a qualified person in a branch of engineering, especially as a professional engineer. Engineers figure out new ways to design, create, or improve almost everything around you. It might sound complicated, but you have most likely acted as an engineer before without even knowing it! If you like math and science, solving problems, thinking creatively or are curious about the world around you and how things work, you are already on your way to becoming an engineer and they are able to solve problems and focus on making things work more efficiently and effectively. Engineers apply the theories and principles of science and mathematics to research and develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between perceived social needs and commercial applications. Engineers design products, machinery to build those products, plants in which those products are made, and the systems that ensure the quality of the products and the efficiency of the workforce and manufacturing process. Engineers design, plan, and supervise the construction of buildings, highways, and transit systems. They develop and implement improved ways to extract, process, and use raw materials, such as petroleum and natural gas. They develop new materials that both improve the performance of products and take advantage of advances in technology. They harness the power of the sun, the Earth, atoms, and electricity for use in supplying the Nations power needs, and create millions of products using power. They analyze the impact of the products they develop or the systems they design on the environment and on people using them. Engineering knowledge is applied to improving many things, including the quality of healthcare, the safety of food products, and the operation of financ ial systems. The engineer adapts the findings to Human being usage. He is the central connection between science culture In order to make a modern Engineer there are many main points to be approached in order to reach that, just like the dynamic fast changing world demands a more complex role for an engineer. Also, technical skills must be good in non-technical skills like Communication Problem solving Management To be mastered in Engineering there are the Main Skills as: Logical thinking Problem-solving skills Communication skills Design skills Organizational, management and administrative skills References 1. William E. Wickenden, A Professional Guide for Young Engineers, G. R. Henninger (Ed. ), Engineers’ Council for Professional Development, New York, 1967 2. T. K. G. Namboodhiri, Engineering Education in India, J. Inst. Engg. (India), Vol. 66, IDP, 3, 1985 3. Duyen Q. Nguen, The essential Skills and Attributes of an Engineer, Global J. of Engg. Educ. Vol. 2, No. 1, 1998

Importance of Site Investigation for Development

Importance of Site Investigation for Development Lolita Misjune Contents (Jump to) Case study Introduction Objectives of the site investigation Procedure Benefits of a Desk Study and ground investigation In-situ test Cone penetration test Laboratory testing Calculations Soil profile Introduction The land on which development takes place has the fundamental influence on the behaviour of the structure which it supports and risks to which the future owners, users and occupiers will be exposed. The adequate investigation of any site is essential to the design of safe and economic foundations and to the detection of any contamination which may be present, with the associated responsibilities for control, protection or removal. Objectives of the site investigation To find out if the site and environment are suitable for target it has been determined. To provide adequate economical and commercial requirements as well as temporary works design. Plan and investigate the best way of construction and what materials are necessary. Predict physical or chemical changes which may occur during work process in site. If there are several possible ways suggest best. Design ways which may cause failure. Procedure The sequence of a site investigation is as follows: Planning Desk Study Site Reconnaissance/ Walk over survey Desk study/Preliminary information An important part in soil investigation is desk study. Collecting preliminary information is invaluable in assessing the requirements of a ground investigation for both environmental and geotechnical purposes. Well performed desk study helps in formulation of investigation work, pointing explicit places of contamination or geotechnical parameters. A well, executed desk study can help to formulate investigation work, targeting specific areas of contamination or geotechnical parameters, concluding in a cost effective and aimed investigation. Site assessment Site inspection Ground investigation Preliminary ground investigation Assessment Main ground investigation Laboratory testing Benefits of a Desk Study and ground investigation Mitigate/minimise risk Understanding of potential variations in ground conditions Can lead to economical design of foundations / geotechnical structures Reduce likelihood of unforeseen ground conditions Reduce chances of delays on site Quantify / qualify risk Accurate forecast of budgets In ground investigation it is possible to design and conduct geotechnical and environmental investigation. Ground investigation work is conducted closely together with clients and engineering team to discuss and provide a cost effective program of exploratory work. There is wide range of exploratory methods available for site ground investigation. Trial Pitting Window Sampling and Dynamic Probe Testing Cable Percussive Boreholes Rotary Drilled Boreholes Laboratory Testing Site work is followed by both geotechnical and chemical testing. For ground investigation in given situation could be used Cable Percussive Boreholes. These are appropriate for most projects. Cable percussive boreholes are a usual method of site investigation. This method offer a cost effective way of drilling within a range of soils varying from low strength alluvium to very stiff over consolidated clays, very weak to weak rock and dense granular soils. Cable percussive boreholes are also proficient of proceeding boreholes in different Made Ground soils, containing engineered fill and landfill materials where obstructions may come across. Using this method can be achieved 50m borehole. Drilling and trial pitting are normally carried out for a number of reasons, such as: to establish the general nature of the strata below a site to establish the vertical or lateral variability of soil conditions verify the interpretation of geophysical surveys to obtain samples for laboratory testing to allow in situ tests to be carried out to install instruments such as piezometers, or extensometers. In-situ test That testing is valuable for soil property information, gaging groundwater pressure, gathering moisture content data and other important data points. In-situ soil testing can be done in a variety of different ways. Depending on place and aim of analysis each test has its own benefit. That is very important for cost effectiveness and data preciseness to determine what test is appropriate for you. In the UK in situ testing is carried out when: Good quality sampling is impossible (for example, in granular soils, in fractured rock masses, in very soft or sensitive clays, or in stoney soils) the parameter required cannot be obtained from laboratory tests (for example, in situ horizontal stress); when in situ tests are cheap and quick, relative to the process of sampling and laboratory testing (for example, the use of the SPT in London clay, to determine undrained shear strength); and most importantly, for profiling and classification of soils (for example, with the cone test, or with dynamic penetration tests). Options for In-Situ Soil Testing Procedures Astandard penetration test Acone penetration test A piezocone penetrometer probe A flat plate dilatometer test Etc. Cone penetration test However, the most precise anddetailed in-situ soil testing for determining a wide variety of technical data is Cone Penetration Testing (CPT), for this reason I would carry on this test in given situation. This test is dynamic, cost effective and has been broadly accepted as a simplified solution that provides useful information. Laboratory testing Laboratory testing is part of the physical survey. As an essential part of site investigation, the need for laboratory tests will often dictate the type and frequency of sample to be taken, and will therefore control the method of forming boreholes In laboratories can be done wide variety of tests which can`t be done in site, however economical side of investigation has an important role. For example more complex tests require a longer testing time and for reasons of time and economy these tests are carried in laboratories. During test can be measured both – direct properties of soil or index properties used to deliver useful information about the soil without taking any direct measurements of property. Laboratory tests are such as Atterberg limits California bearing ratio Hydraulic conductivity tests Expansion Index test etc In given example one used was falling head permeameter test, from results of that were calculated hydraulic conductivity and permeability cofficient. Calculations After performing permeameter test in order to find the vertical permeability of the sand were calculated coefficient of permeability and hydraulic conductivity. L: the height of the soil sample column A: the sample cross section a: the cross section of the standpipe Δt: the recorded time for the water column to flow though the sample h1= hydraulic head on specimen at time t1, cm, h2= hydraulic head on specimen at time t2, cm Nd: number of potential drops Nf: number of flow channels Nd=11-1=10 Nf=3*2=6 Soil profile In soil science and assessment key concept is soil profile. Knowing soil profile helps to investigate processes that have taken in soil development, assess soil features and types of soil which appear and is foundation for their classification. Scientists have developed methods to define the various components and characteristics of the soil profile. Soil profile helps to predict how the soil might be used By using common terminology, soil profile descriptions are valuable for deciding how the soil might be used and/or predicting how the soil might react to its intended use. Soil profiles, a more scientific test, evaluate three critical aspects of the soil that may have the potential to cause an on-site sewage system to malfunction. The texture of soil in area of the proposed on-site sewage system The presence or absence of water saturated soils The depth to an impervious soil layer (rock) All three parameters are used to design the most appropriate on-site system for your property. Bag samples of the predominant soil types encountered shall be collected from selected soil profile borings to provide specimens for engineering classification, moisture-density (standard or modified Proctor), and California bearing ratio (CBR) testing. These samples also consist of soil cuttings generated by the augering process. Care should be exercised not to combine different soil types for the same bag sample. Samples that will be used for a combination of classification, moisture-density, and CBR testing shall be a minimum of 50 pounds. One of methods of determining soil profile is cone penetration method. CPT truck is fast and low-cost method to conduct subsurface examination. Results are available directly, allowing on the fly mapping of stratigraphy and other subsurface features. A CPT sounding is made by pushing a small probe into the ground. Typically, a 3.6-centimeter-diameter probe (cone) is pushed into the ground to depths ranging from 15 to 30 meters. The cone is advanced downward at a constant velocity of 2 centimeters per second, using hydraulic rams that apply the full 23-ton weight of the CPT truck to push the probe rods to depth. In typical CPT soundings, the resistance to penetration is measured. Continuous measurements are made of the resistance to penetration of the tip and the frictional sliding resistance of the sleeve of the cone. Report Preliminary report or feasibility study Planning of main Preliminary report Financial report (Return of investment) Final report Lolita Misjune March 2015

Hippocrates, The Father Of Medicine :: essays research papers

Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hippocrates, greatest physician of antiquity, is regarded as the father of medicine. Born on the island of Kos, Greece in the year 460 b.c., says the earliest biography written by Soranus of Ephesus in the a third century a.d. Although a native of Kos he was forced to leave the island as the result of a fire for which he was blamed. He traveled to many other islands to practice medicine. Most of the cases in the two books of Epidemics considered to be genuine are located at Thasos, a small island in the North Aegean Sea, and at Abdera, a town on the adjacent mainland; but there are also references to Cyzicus, on the south coast of the Sea of Marmara, and to Larisa and Meliboea in Thessaly. He died, according to tradition, in Larissa, Greece; little else is known about him. His name is associated wioth the Hippocratic Oath, though he probably is not the author of the document. In fact, of the approximately 70 works ascribed to him in the Hippocratic Collection, Hippocrates may actually have written about six of them. The Hippocratic Collection probably is the remnant of the medical library of the famous Kos school of medicine. His teachings, sense of detachment, and ability to make direct, clinical observations probably influenced the other authors of these works and had much to do with freeing ancient medicine from superstition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Among the more significant works of the Hippocratic Collection is Airs, Waters, and Places, which, instead of ascribing diseases to divine origin, disusses their environmental causes. It proposes that considerations such as a town's weather drinking water, and site along the paths of favorable winds can help a physician ascertain the general health of citizens. Three other works- Prognostic, Coan Prognosis, and Aphorisms -advanced the then- revbolutionary idea that, by observing enough cases, a physician can predict the course of a disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea of preventative medicine, first concieved in Regimen and Regimen in Acute Diseases, sterss not only diet but also the patient's general

Man’s Domination Over Woman in Kate Chopins Desirees Baby Essay

Man’s Domination Over Woman in Desiree’s Baby Differences between people create conflicts between people.   This is especially true between men and women, since throughout history society has viewed women as subservient to men.   Kate Chopin’s feminist short story, Desiree’s Baby, illustrates man’s domination over woman.   Since Desiree meekly accepts being ruled by Armand, and Armand regards Desiree as his possession, the master/slave relationship that exists between Armand and Desiree is undeniable. Armand believes that since he possesses a superior social position than does Desiree, he is at liberty to be master over her.   As a plantation owner and a descendant of the Aubigny family which bears "one of the oldest and proudest [names] in Louisiana" (316), Armand owns tens and hundreds of slaves.   In contrast Desiree is adopted into a family without a respected name.   Since, "Young Aubigny's rule was a strict one†, he not only treats the slaves as if they were animals, but also treats Desiree as but a beautiful possession.   Although Desiree truly loves Armand, the relationship is not reciprocal, which is evident by the fact that Armand has affairs with other women.   Desiree’s love for Armand elevates him in the relationship, while Armand’s domination over Desiree only makes her more submissive. Armand’s ego exhibits his qualities as a master.   His respected name, large plantation, and position as a master over slaves inflate his pride.   The fact that, â€Å"Armand is the proudest father in the parish†¦ because it is a boy, to bear his name† (317), illustrates that Armand does not truly love his family; instead he sees them as possessions – extensions of his property.   To Armand the baby serves the purpose of honoring him by ... ...e denies both her and the child, she loses personhood and therefore commits suicide and infanticide. The word, desperately, that describes her love for Armand illustrates how truly attached she is to him.   When Armand accuses Desiree of being black and disowns her because he believes this, Desiree completely loses her identity.   Without Armand she thinks, â€Å"I shall die. I must die. I cannot be so unhappy, and live.† (319). It is not only Armand’s dominance, but also Desiree’s meek subservience that kills Desiree and the baby, while ruining Armand’s life.   In Armand and Desiree’s already teetering master/slave relationship, a trivial conflict over race is the final blow that splits them up.   Yet it was the difference between the perceptions of themselves and each other, set in place by a male dominated society, that doomed their relationship even from the beginning. Man’s Domination Over Woman in Kate Chopin's Desiree's Baby Essay Man’s Domination Over Woman in Desiree’s Baby Differences between people create conflicts between people.   This is especially true between men and women, since throughout history society has viewed women as subservient to men.   Kate Chopin’s feminist short story, Desiree’s Baby, illustrates man’s domination over woman.   Since Desiree meekly accepts being ruled by Armand, and Armand regards Desiree as his possession, the master/slave relationship that exists between Armand and Desiree is undeniable. Armand believes that since he possesses a superior social position than does Desiree, he is at liberty to be master over her.   As a plantation owner and a descendant of the Aubigny family which bears "one of the oldest and proudest [names] in Louisiana" (316), Armand owns tens and hundreds of slaves.   In contrast Desiree is adopted into a family without a respected name.   Since, "Young Aubigny's rule was a strict one†, he not only treats the slaves as if they were animals, but also treats Desiree as but a beautiful possession.   Although Desiree truly loves Armand, the relationship is not reciprocal, which is evident by the fact that Armand has affairs with other women.   Desiree’s love for Armand elevates him in the relationship, while Armand’s domination over Desiree only makes her more submissive. Armand’s ego exhibits his qualities as a master.   His respected name, large plantation, and position as a master over slaves inflate his pride.   The fact that, â€Å"Armand is the proudest father in the parish†¦ because it is a boy, to bear his name† (317), illustrates that Armand does not truly love his family; instead he sees them as possessions – extensions of his property.   To Armand the baby serves the purpose of honoring him by ... ...e denies both her and the child, she loses personhood and therefore commits suicide and infanticide. The word, desperately, that describes her love for Armand illustrates how truly attached she is to him.   When Armand accuses Desiree of being black and disowns her because he believes this, Desiree completely loses her identity.   Without Armand she thinks, â€Å"I shall die. I must die. I cannot be so unhappy, and live.† (319). It is not only Armand’s dominance, but also Desiree’s meek subservience that kills Desiree and the baby, while ruining Armand’s life.   In Armand and Desiree’s already teetering master/slave relationship, a trivial conflict over race is the final blow that splits them up.   Yet it was the difference between the perceptions of themselves and each other, set in place by a male dominated society, that doomed their relationship even from the beginning.

Krishna and Ang Mahabharata Essay

Bahagi ng Mahabharata ang Bhagavad Gita (o Bhagavadgita), isang diyalogo o pag-uusap sa pagitan nina Krishna atArjuna. The Mahabharata or is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Ramayana.[2] Besides its epic narrative of the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pandava princes, the Mahabharata containsphilosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four â€Å"goals of life† or purusharthas (12.161). Among the principal works and stories in the Mahabharata are the Bhagavad Gita, the story of Damayanti, an abbreviated version of the Ramayana, and the Rishyasringa, often considered as works in their own right. habharata, ( Sanskrit: â€Å"Great Epic of the Bharata Dynasty†) one of the two Sanskrit great epic poems of ancient India (the other being the Ramayana). TheMahabharata is an important source of information on the development ofHinduism between 400 bce and 200 ce and is regarded by Hindus as both a text about dharma (Hindu moral law) and a history (itihasa, literally â€Å"that’s what happened†). Appearing in its present form about 400 ce, the Mahabharata consists of a mass of mythological and didactic material arranged around a central heroic narrative that tells of the struggle for sovereignty between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas (sons of Dhritarashtra, the descendant of Kuru) and thePandavas (sons of Pandu). The poem is made up of almost 100,000 couplets—about seven times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined—divided into 18 parvans, or sections, plus a supplement titled Harivamsha (â€Å"Genealogy of the God Hari†; i.e., of Vishnu). sinulat ang tulang epikong ito na may layuning parangalan ang mga bayani nang maganap ang paglusob ng mga Aryano (mga Aryan) sa India.  Halos kapantay ng mga diyos ang mga maalamat na mga bayaning ito. The Mahabharata tells the story of two sets of paternal first cousins–the five sons of the deceased king Pandu (the five Pandavas and the one hundred sons of blind King Dhritarashtra–who became bitter rivals, and opposed each other in war for possession of the ancestral Bharata kingdom with its capital in the â€Å"City of the Elephants,† Hastinapura , on the Ganga river in north central India. What is dramatically interesting within this simple opposition is the large number of individual agendas the many characters pursue, and the numerous personal conflicts, ethical puzzles, subplots, and plot twists that give the story a strikingly powerful development. The five sons of Pandu were actually fathered by five Gods (sex was mortally dangerous for Pandu, because of a curse) and these heroes were assisted throughout the story by various Gods, sages, and brahmins, including the great sage Krishna Dvaipayana Vyasa (who later became the author of the epic telling this story), who was also their actual grandfather (he had engendered Pandu and the blind Dhrtarastra upon their nominal father’s widows in order to preserve the lineage). The one hundred sons of the blind king Dhartarashtra, on the other hand, had a grotesque, demonic birth, and are said more than once in the text to be human incarnations of the demons who are the perpetual enemies of the devotees of the lord. The most dramatic figure of the entire Mahabharata, however, is Sri Krishna who is the supreme personality of Godhead himself, descended to earth in human form to reestablish his devotees as care takers of the earth, and who practice Dharma. Krishna Vasudeva was the cousin of both parties, but he was a friend and advisor to the Pandavas, became the brother-in-law of Arjuna , and served as Arjuna’s mentor and charioteer in the great war. Krishna Vasudeva is portrayed several times as eager to see the war occur, and in many ways the Pandavas were his human instruments for fulfilling that end. The Dhartarashtra party behaved viciously and brutally toward the Pandavas in many ways, from the time of their early childhood. Their malice displayed itselfwhen they took advantage of the eldest Pandava, Yudhishthira (who had by now become the ruler of the world) in a game of dice: The Dhartarashtras ‘won’ all his brothers, himself, and even the Pandavas’ common wife Draupadi They humiliated all the Pandavas and physically abused Draupadi; they drove  the Pandava party into the wilderness for twelve years, and the twelve years of exile had to be followed by the Pandavas’ living somewhere in society, in disguise, without being discovered. The Pandavas fulfilled their part of that bargain by living out side the kingdom, but the evil leader and eldest son of Dhartarashtra, Duryodhana , was unwilling to restore the Pandavas to their half of the kingdom when the thirteen years had expired. Both sides then called upon their many allies and two large armies arrayed themselves on ‘Kuru’s Field’ (Kuru was one of the eponymous ancestors of the clan), eleven divisions in the army of Duryodhana against seven divisions for Yudhishthira. Much of the action in the Mahabharata is accompanied by discussion and debate among various interested parties, and the most famous dialog of all time, Krishna Vasudeva’s ethical lecture and demonstration of his divinity to his devotee and friend Arjuna (the Holy Bhagavad Gita appeared in the Mahabharata just prior to the commencement of the world war. Several of the important ethical and theological themes of the Mahabharata are tied together in this Gita, and this â€Å"Song of the Blessed One† has exerted much the same sort of powerful and far-reaching influence in the Vedic Civilization that the New Testament has had in the Christian world. The Pandavas won the eighteen day battle, but it was a victory that deeply troubled all except those who were able to understand things on the divine level (chiefly Krishna, Vyasa, and Bhishma the Bharata patriarch who was symbal of the virtues of the era now passing away). The Pandavas’ five sons by Draupadi, as well as Bhimasena and Arjuna Pandava’s two sons by two other mothers (respectively, the young warriors and Abhimanyu, were all tragic victims in the war. Worse perhaps, the Pandava victory was won by the Pandavas slaying, in succession, four men who were like fathers to them: Bhishma, their teacher Drona , Karna (who was, though none of the Pandavas knew it, the first born, pre-marital, son of their mother), and their maternal uncle Shalya (all four of these men were, in succession, ‘supreme commanders’ of Duryodhana’s army during the war). Equally troubling was the fact that the killing of the first three of these ‘respected elders,’ and of some other enemy warriors as well, was accomplished only through ‘ trickery’, most of which were suggested by Krishna Vasudeva as absolutely required by the circumstances. The ethical gaps were not resolved to anyone’s satisfaction on the su rface of the narrative and the aftermath of  the war was dominated by a sense of horror and malaise. Yudhishthira alone was terribly troubled, but his sense of the war’s wrongfulness persisted to the end of the text, in spite of the fact that everyone else, from his wife to Krishna Vasudeva, told him the war was right and good; in spite of the fact that the dying patriarch Bhishma lectured him at length on all aspects of the Good Law (the Duties and Responsibilities of Kings, which have rightful violence at their center; the ambiguities of Righteousness in abnormal circumstances; and the absolute perspective of a beatitude that ultimately transcends the oppositions of good versus bad, right versus wrong, pleasant versus unpleasant, etc.); in spite of the fact that he performed a grand Horse Sacrifice as expiation for the putative wrong of the war. These debates and instructions and the account of this Horse Sacrifice are told at some length after the massive and narrative of the battle; they form a deliberate tale of pacification that aims to neutralize the inevitable reactio ns of the war. In the years that follow the war Dhritarashtra and his queen Gandhari , and Kunti, the mother of the Pandavas, lived a life of asceticism in a forest retreat and died with yogic calm in a forest fire. Krishna Vasudeva departed from this earth thirty-six years after the war. When they learned of this, the Pandavas believed it time for them to leave this world too and they embarked upon the ‘Great Journey,’ which involved walking north toward the polar mountain, that is toward the heavenly worlds, until one’s body dropped dead. One by one Draupadi and the younger Pandavas died along the way until Yudhishthira was left alone with a dog that had followed him all the way. Yudhishthira made it to the gate of heaven and there refused the order to drive the dog back, at which point the dog was revealed to be an incarnate form of the God Dharma (the God who was Yudhishthira’s actual, physical father), who was there to test Yudhishthira’s virtue. Once in heaven Yudhishthira faced one final test of his virtue: He saw only the Dhartarashtra Clan in heaven, and he was told that his brothers were in hell. He insisted on joining his brothers in hell, if that were the case! It was then revealed that they were really in heaven, that this illusion had been one final test for him.

Childcare Essay

I am required to carry out an assignment on Equality and Diversity. My aim is to understand more about equality and diversity and to understand about discrimination, bias and prejudice. I will be including laws and regulations for equality and diversity in ECCE settings, for example the equal status act 2000-2004 and the UN Convention on the rights of the Child 1989. I will also discuss with my supervisor in my workplace about what measures they have in place to in order that equality and diversity is in place in the setting. I will also make some suggestions on how to improve an anti-bias childcare environment. My aim is also to highlight activities that could benefit the setting and in which the setting ct is important for me as the student to understand and recognise the importance of equality and diversity in the setting and to understand myself when the day comes when I want to pursue my career in childcare that where improvements need to made in the ECCE setting I will be able to recognise where changes need to be and it will also help me on my knowledge of the laws that are in place for E Equality and Diversity Equality refers to therecognise different individuals needs and of ensuring equity in terms of access, participation and benefiting all children and their families. It is therefore not about treating all people the same. Equality is an essential characteristic of quality in ECEC. It is there to support all children’s development in Ireland. Equality is that every child’s needs are recognised and supported. Diversity refers to the diverse nature of society for example on terms of social class, gender, returned Irish emigrant, family status, minority groups and the majority groups. Diversity is that the differences in people such as gender, race, age, language, sexual orientation, religion and family structure. it states that quality in ECEC settings acknowledge and respect diversity and ensure that all children their families have their individual, personal, cultural and linguistic identity validates.

An Investigation of Vibrio Cholera

I chose to investigate Vibrio cholerae from the genus Vibrio because I found that V. cholerae was a very interesting bacteria. According to our textbook, (Prescott's Principles of Microbiology by Willey Joanne, Woolverton Chris, Sherwood Linda), V. cholerae has caused seven pandemics in various parts of the world, especially Asia, the Middle East and Africa. According to the 2009 Cholera annual report from the World Health Organization, (Weekly Epidemiological Record, 2010, 85(31):293-308), the US experienced less than 20 cases while around the world 45 countries experienced 221226 cases including 4946 deaths. In 1883 Robert Koch, who is considered by our text and many others to be one of the founders of microbiology identified the Vibrio bacterium that caused cholera. Koch believed that the key to prevention was to improve hygiene and in sanitary drinking water. This is the reason that there are so few cases in the United States per year, because we have a high degree of sanitary drinking water throughout the United States. Our textbook describes its taxonomy as being one of many serogroups, the textbook identifies V. cholerae O1 and 0139 to be one of two serogroups that cause epidemics. V. cholerae O1 also has two sterotypes and two biotypes. In 1992, the new strain, 0139 was discovered in Asia, but for the first time in recorded history, the 0139 strain actually displaced the 01 serogroup in India. Some of the genus Vibrio characteristics are that they are capable of fermentative and oxidative metabolism. According to Bergey’s Manual, they are related to enteric bacteria and Pseudomonadaceae and they are considered to be â€Å"Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-negative Rods† and on the level with the Family Enterobacteriaceae. Read Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics Vibrios are distinguished from enterics by being oxidase-positive and motile by means of polar flagella. V. cholerae as infectious bacteria, have the same goals as any other organism, to invade and infect the hose, to replicate and to transfer to another host. There are only a few ways that V. cholerae invade the human body. First, according to our text, it is transmitted through contaminated water that has been contaminated with fecal material containing V. cholerae from infected individuals. Such an outbreak is occurring right now in Haiti. The source of the contamination can be from other cholera sufferer’s untreated diarrheal discharge into waterways or into groundwater or drinking water supplies. Because of the earthquake that occurred in Haiti the sanitary conditions of the water is probably the main source of transmission. A second way for transmission of V. cholerae to individuals is through contaminated food, either from fecal matter on the food from an infected individual or perhaps an infected individual that does not have good hygiene handling food and infecting others. The third way that an individual can be exposed to V. cholerae, is through eating raw improperly cooked shellfish that were harvested in fecal-polluted coastal waters or even from shellfish that were harvested from non fecal-polluted waters and either undercooked or re-contaminated after cooking. In the United States this is usually how individuals are infected, this is because V. cholera is one of the most common bacteria found in surface waters. Strains have been found in marine coastal areas and in warmer estuaries in the United States. According to the FDA, â€Å"The Bad Bug Book†, (www. fda. gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/default. htm). Once an individual has been infected and the bacteria is now inside the host, it has to survive the upper GI tract, which usually is very good at defending against invasion. Unfortunately for the host, cholera can grow very well in a high salt and low pH environment. The bacterial incubation period is usually from 12 to 72 hours. When the bacteria get past the upper GI tract, they avoid the immune system by using their polysaccharide capsule which makes phagocytosis by the host immune system very difficult and will allow the bacteria to continue to replicate. It colonizes the small intestine The bacteria are not harmed by the strong stomach acid of the infected individual because of the polysaccharide capsule and attach themselves to the intestinal wall of the small intestine. They secrete a cholera toxin, called choleragen. The bacteria are not invasive and the toxin that is secreted enters the intestinal epithelial cells, adding an ADP-ribosyl group, like pertussis toxin does which activated the enzyme adenylate cyclase which triggers the hypersectretion of water and choride ions and preventing sodium ions from being absorbed. The results are that the infected individual starts to lose large amounts of fluids, through vomiting, and a high amount of watery diarrhea. The individual will have painful stomach cramps and nausea and may lose up to 10 to 15 litres of fluid during the course of the infection. The large amounts of fluid loss, is usually referred to as â€Å"rice-water,† and the diarrhea fluid contaminates water used by other individuals causing others to be infected as well. The amount of fluid loss that the individual loses can be large enough that the individual may have high levels of blood proteins and can lead to death from circulatory shock. In the intestinal tract V. cholerae can stimulate bacterial genes that can increase infectivity of subsequent hosts. The process is not well known, but the stimulated genes prepare the bacteria to be better, more infective colonizers in subsequent hosts. his process may be integral to fueling future epidemics. According to a paper published in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA in September 2006, that V. cholera cells will adjust to the host they invaded. They will â€Å"rearrange their transcriptional profile†, to adjust to the human host from the aquatic environment. It’s ability to infect and multiply within a host re gardless of the range of environmental conditions. In studies on bacterial pathogenesis, virulence genes are usually the focus which is essential for pathogenesis. The findings of this paper showed that the repression of MSHA pilus production suggested that not only is it critical for colonization but is also critical to the role in bacterial pathogenesis. It appears from the article that MSHA repression is critical in the early stages of the infection, to evade the host’s innate immune response. so when you think of V. cholera it is a very successful human pathogen because of transcriptional regulation and using a set of wide responses that are flexible so that the bacteria can respond to a wide ranging environment.

Wilfred Owen ‘Dulce et Decorum est’

The poem ‘Dulce et Decorum est' is a poem which shows us the horrors of war. It shows us how innocent lives are being wasted on a war. The poem tells us about how the poet feels about war. The first stanza tells us about the condition of the soldiers. It shows us that the soldiers are sick, tired and are not aware of themselves. It also tells us that the soldiers were in bad condition. They did not care about the shells that dropped behind them. In the first line the soldiers are compared in a simile to old beggars. This implies that they look shabby, which is not the image of soldiers in bright shiny uniforms, which would be in keeping with the glorious image of war. The line has a slow pace with no sound described, which is also a contrast to the image of war, as people at home might expect the soldiers to be marching along at a brisk pace. The second line continues this them as it compares the soldiers to hags, which are very like beggars. It tells you that the soldiers are knock kneeded and coughing, which implies a very low morale. In the second stanza, the poet has written about a gas attack that he has witnessed. This stanza tells us about the confusion and panic, which arises when the soldiers' lives are in immediate danger. The pace of this verse is a lot quicker in order to demonstrate this, and also provides a contrast to the previous verses as it is written in the present tense to make it seem more real, whereas the first verse is written in the perfect tense, which makes it seem more distant. During the gas attack, many soldiers managed to get their gas helmets on time. But one soldier could not make it. He was yelling and stumbling as the gas overcare him. The poet has seen the unfortunate man die a slow and painful death. The third stanza is short. It expresses the poet's fears and nightmares he has because of the dying man reaching his hand out for help. But Wilfred Owen was helpless. The poet tells us that the dying man was guttering, choking and drowning as the gas made its way through his lungs. The fourth stanza is telling us a little bit about what the soldiers did to the dead soldier. They flung him in the back of a wagon. His condition was still bad. There was blood coming out from his mouth and his face was hanging in bad shape. The poet then tells his ‘friend' that it is not right to tell keen and young soldiers eager for glory that ‘ It is a good and noble thing to die for your country' as it is a lie. Moreover, the last verse is a plea to the reader to renounce their opinion that dying for your country is sew and honourable. Wilfred Owen is saying that if the reader was there, and saw this man dying in the back of the wagon then they would not tell the old Lie. Owen, by his graphic description of the man's death, is intending to shock the reader into believing they have been tricked by the Old Lie i.e. it is good to die for your country, and make them think more deeply about the values of war and how they can become heroes. Wilfred Owen is creating a horrific picture of how bad war is. He has done this by making use of similes. In the first stanza, Owen describes the exhaustion of the soldiers by saying: â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks† In this quote we can see that Owen is telling us that the soldiers are too tired to walk properly and that they can hardly stand up. He re-enforces his words by saying: â€Å"Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots† This is giving us a vivid image of how tired and ill the soldiers are from war. To add to the atmosphere of depression, the ‘haunting flares' imply that the scene is taking place at night, as flares are not visible in the daytime. The fact that the flares are ‘haunting' adds to the misery of the soldiers, as it could be that they are remembering past horrific incidents involving the flares that haunt them. The ‘distant rest' in line four could mean that the soldiers are going to sleep for the night, but they will not be able to sleep because of the poor conditions. The word' trudge' implies that they are walking with difficulty, and slows down the line, which indicates the slowness of the soldiers' walk. The alliteration in the fifth line emphasises what Wilfred Owen is saying. It makes the metaphor ‘men marched asleep' seem more real and holds the line together over the full stop. ‘Men limping blood shod' emphasises their predicament and how different i t is to the glorious battle they had expected. The two lines in this verse create the impression that the soldiers are somehow in a daze and do not hear sounds fully. It is as if they have become isolated within themselves. Their illness is further emphasized when the poet says: â€Å"†¦ coughing like hags†¦Ã¢â‚¬  From these sentences in the first stanza, we can imagine how tired and worn-out the soldiers must have been due to the war they are forced to fight. Wilfred Owen is also making use of metaphors to strengthen the lines of his poem. In the second stanza, Owen tells us about a dying man when he inhaled the gas. â€Å"But someone was yelling out and stumbling And floundering like a man in fire or lime† From this quote, we get a picture of how the dying man felt just as he had inhaled the smoke. Wilfred Owen has made use of other literary techniques such as Direct speech, Alliteration and Onomatopoeia. In the second stanza, Owen has made use of direct speech to give the reader a realistic feeling about what is happening in the poem. â€Å"Gas! Gas! Quick, boys!† The poet has also made use of Alliteration. In the third stanza, the poet says: â€Å"Behind the wagon we flung him in, And watch the white eyes writhing in his face† Here the poet is telling us about the state in which the dying man was. The poet has also made use of two special features, enjambement and caesura. Wilfred Owen has made use of enjambement very often from the second stanza. This increases the pace of the poem which gives the reader an inside look into how fast people had to work at war. On the other hand, Owen has also made use of caesura. This slows down the pace of the poem and allows the reader to think about what the poet is saying. In the third stanza, Owen says: â€Å"His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin† Here the poet is letting the reader to know how the dying man looked like after he inhaled the gas. In the poem ‘Dulce et Decorum est', there are four verses with 28 lines. Each verse has a number of lines that vary in every verse. The poem does not have a definite rhyme but mostly it goes like a, b, a, b, c, d, c, d and so on but this pattern is disrupted a little bit in the later part of the poem. Stanza 3 is short as it sums up the nightmares Wilfred Owen is going through. Since the two lines are in the middle of much longer verses, the reader's eyes get attracted to those lines. The poem ‘Dulce et Decorum est' was written by Wilfred Owen during the First World War. In 1914 the First World War broke out on a largely innocent world, a world that still associated warfare with glorious cavalry charges and the noble pursuit of heroic ideals. This was the world's first experience of modern mechanised warfare. As the months and years passed, each bringing increasing slaughter and misery, the soldiers became increasingly disillusioned. Many of the strongest protests made against the war were made through the medium of poetry by young men horrified by what they saw. One of these poets was Wilfred Owen. World War I, military conflict, from 1914 to 1918, that began as a local European war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia on July 28, 1914; was transformed into a general European struggle by Germany's declaration of war against Russia on August 1, 1914; and eventually became a global war involving 32 nations. The immediate cause of the war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia was the assassination on June 28, 1914, at Sarajevo in Bosnia (then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire; now in Bosnia and Herzegovina), of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir-presumptive to the Austrian and Hungarian thrones, by Gavrilo Princip, a Serb nationalist. The fundamental causes of the conflict, however, were rooted deeply in the European history of the previous century, particularly in the political and economic policies that prevailed on the Continent after 1871, the year that marked the emergence of Germany as a great world power. The living conditions for the soldiers were terrible during the First World War. Many died due to diseases, epidemics and injuries caused through battle. Sometimes, the soldiers had no ammunition to fight with at all and hence were left helpless. Living conditions were as bad. Many had no proper shelter, or clothing. Wilfred Owen had made these conditions a reality in his poem. The vividness of the poem gives us an impression of how bad the conditions must've been for the soldiers during the war. Moreover he is saying this because he feels the soldiers are giving their life for nothing. Therefore he is stressing on the terrible conditions the soldier were living and fighting in. Wilfred Owen has written negative account of his feelings for war. He has written about the tiredness of the soldiers when he says: â€Å"Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots, But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame, all blind; Drunk with fatigue; drunk even to the hoots† In this quote we can see that Wilfred Owen is trying to tell us that the soldiers were very tired. This tells us that Wilfred Owen is giving us a negative impression of war This poem was written by Wilfred Owen, who was a soldier in the First World War. He therefore gives a very vivid account of what it was like to be there, as he has had first- hand experience. The title of the poem means ‘it is sweet and honourable', and the phrase is continued at the end of the poem†¦'to die for your country.' Just before this is stated at the end of the poem, Wilfred Owen chooses to write' The Old Lie.' This tells us he does not believe this statement to be true. The poem is filled with horrible stories about what really happened, and so Wilfred Owen is saying how can all of this suffering be sweet and proper? In my opinion, I do not like the poem very much. It gives a very horrific image of war. Although Wilfred Owen is right about ‘Dulce et Decorum est Pro Patria Mori' I still think that the poem is written quite harshly. The language used by the poet is not bad but the content is. The examples that Wilfred Owen has given us of warfare are very horrific. A man drowning in a gas of poisonous gas, a group of soldiers in ill condition etc, all this reflects upon the horrific accounts of warfare. If the poet were trying to stress his point through non-horrific examples, then the poem would've been a lot more enjoyable. But that doesn't mean I am criticizing the poet. Needless to say the poem is very well written. Its what the poet feels about warfare, which obviously I wouldn't criticize that at all as it is the poet's opinion.

Biography of Emmanuel Kant Essay Example for Free

Biography of Emmanuel Kant Essay Known by many in the field as the father of modern philosophy, Immanuel Kant questioned many of the assumptions held in his day. He focused much of his work on the realm of human thought, understanding, and potential. His ideas about observation, learning, and experientialism set the precedent for all philosophers who followed him. Born in the early 1720s, Kant lived in what was known as East Prussia (now a part of Kaliningrad, Russia). There, he was able to secure a teaching position for nearly ten years when he began working at Konigsberg University. He would remain a part of their staff for nearly five decades contributing to the rise and popularity of philosophy of the day. Not much more is known about Kant’s earlier life. He did go on to having several of his pieces published, although none were an exact autobiography. In his Critique of Pure Reason, he discussed and raised interesting points about human knowledge. Instrumental on Kant’s own ideas was the work of philosopher David Hume, who agreed that human experience could be used for understanding, but that it should not be used to explain every phenomena we encounter in nature or in the real world. Kant built upon this idea. He stated that new experiences could be formulated based on past experiences because it our past that helps us learn about our future. He believed that the human mind organized events and ideas into categories that could be accessed later to determine how we might react in a certain experience. He came up with the word to describe the paradox of understanding: noumena. Kant’s own arguments about the existence of God were also not well accepted at his time. He believed that man could not rationalize God because it was not something that we had experienced before. In other words, we might be able to attribute certain characteristics to Him, but it is ultimately limited by our own human understanding of the universe. In essence, we could never come close to truly understanding who God is and predict what He is going to do. |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |. Biography of Emmanuel Kant. (2016, Nov 16).

Dance movie review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dance movie review - Essay Example The movie follows the first embarrassed steps of the dancers to how they gain confidence to perform an excellent dance that attracts a standing ovation. The video is raw as the audience can tell the dancers are inexperienced. There is no voice-over at the beginning of the film indicating that the neither the dancers nor the audience understood the events going on or what they were meant to be doing. This gives authenticity to the fact that they were very new to the dancing and that they did not know where to start. The movie brings out the personalities of the dancers as they go through the journey and also their stamina and courage. The film focuses mostly on the teenagers and their journey for growth and into adulthood. The movie is profound and very real as opposed to the mechanized dances that are so popular with other dance videos. Wim directed the film after the death of Pina, and it consisted some of the best works by Pina. The dances that are performed in Pina take place everywhere. There are dances in the forests, on the road sidewalks and even in the tram cars. The movie also has some interviews with some of the dancers where their responses are not by word but are rather contemplative as they give their answers. Instead of using words from their minds, they use the dances on their bodies signifying the influence that their mentor had on them. Not only did Pina teach and inspire the dancers to become who they are but she also inspired in them a similar character signifying that she was such a charismatic mentor and her dances lived beyond her. The movie is very exhilarating but there is no single work of dance that is complete in the movie hence leaving the audience a bit frustrated. The power that Pina had is communicated in the movie and the audience experiences a dance and a movie at the same time and thus remains very

The tool for market research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The tool for market research - Essay Example Test marketing gives significant insight which is needed by a company in order to compete effectively in its market. For one, this tool permits a business organization to test the impact of alternative marketing plans. Since a test market is typically smaller than the whole market, investing in a test marketing effort in 10 cities is more rational for a large company than getting into a full-blown nationwide product launch. Test marketing as the name implies provides companies with a clear idea of whether a marketing effort is strategic or not without shouldering the huge cost of the whole marketing campaign in the entire market. Test marketing also allows companies to test multiple strategies without affecting the overall image of its products. For example, a company which wishes to embark on a new marketing approach and is choosing on three different ones will find it impossible to launch the three strategies on the entire market. Thus, it will opt to use test marketing in order to ascertain the best approach for its product at lesser cost. However, the utilization of test marketing as a market research tool is dependent on the internal competency and external market situation of a company.   According to one of its executives, â€Å"In our field—primarily higher priced cosmetics not geared for mass distribution—it would be unnecessary for us to test the market. When we develop a product, say an improved liquid makeup, we know it’s full-Brownell because we are familiar with the field†.

Keeshig-Tobias's and his love for boxing Research Paper

Keeshig-Tobias's and his love for boxing - Research Paper Example   Boxing was his life as he sought to beat the world. Nevertheless, boxing meant something else for Keeshig-Tobias. She knew of her father boxing at a young age and she was not convinced as to why her father was into boxing despite his age, family commitments, and lack of earnings from the sport. Keeshig-Tobias's father was a young man who struggled with his family and was loved and hated by his family in equal measure. His family and especially his daughter Keeshig-Tobias struggled to understand him to no avail. He was a man of mixed feelings and his love for boxing was a mystery.Keeshig-Tobias learnt something as he grew more mature that changed her relationship with her father. She learned that her father was actually fighting the world and had nothing to mistreat them. She learned that it was out of struggles that he behaves in an undefined manner and that she cannot engage him behind his back but must face him (Lanette 285). After learning this, their relationship changed trem endously in that she started practicing boxing also, they started talking, they opened up to one another, and they understood and trusted each other. It is arguably true that what Keeshig-Tobias experiences with her father are not unique. Indeed, many families are in the same situation where children cannot understand the lives of their parents as they struggle to sustain their families. However, as seen in this story, with time, it all comes out clear and families can relate at ease when the children mature.   

Comparison Asian American History Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison Asian American History - Case Study Example    He uses the metaphor of the family picture album, full of old pictures of family members that evoke both good and bad memories. He recognizes that this metaphor can only go so far, since instead of using visual pictures of his subjects and their families, he uses oral accounts taken from a variety of oral sources. Okihiro recognizes that he has â€Å"mixed my metaphors† (95), as he puts it. Instead of being an inferior way to present history as he intimidates, however, it is one of the best way to recount the history of Asian Americans. It is the use of oral history and of autobiography, a common way that the histories of people of color and women have been presented throughout history. Oral history and autobiography have traditionally been used to recount the histories of marginalized and oppressed peoples because they have not been able to access more traditional history. The slave narrative, for example, is one of the earliest forms of American autobiography. As Africa n American scholar Joanne M. Braxton (1986) states, the purpose of the slave narrative was not only to present the oral histories of slaves in America, but as a tool for abolitionists seeking to end slavery. In many cases, the autobiographies of former slaves were accompanied by prefaces written by white abolitionists to provide them with credibility to white readers. Modern African American writers like Maya Angelou and Richard Wright continued the tradition of using autobiography to present their histories. Other minority groups in America have used autobiography and oral histories for similar purposes. This is certainly true of the presentation of the history of Asian Americans. Another common way to present the history of Asian Americans and other minority groups has been to present them in fictionalized forms. This has been done effectively by Milton Mirayama (1998) in his critically acclaimed, beautifully written, and poignant novel, All I Asking for is My Body. Murayama wrote the first draft of the novel while a student at Columbia University. It was first published as a short story entitled â€Å"I’ll Crack Your Head Kotsun† and published in the Arizona Quarterly in 1959. The story became the first chapter of All I Asking for is My Body and was published in 1968, in a Hawaiian anthology. It was not well received at first, but received critical acclaim and became a cult classic when the University of Hawaii published it in 1988 (Kim, 2005). All I Asking for is My Body reads like a classic autobiography. The novel, including the title, is written in modified pidgin, but is readable by non-pidgin speakers. Murayama seems to understand that he is writing more than just a novel, and that he is presenting Japanese culture and what life was like for Japanese immigrants in Hawaii in the years just prior to and during World War II. Consequently, he spends a great deal of time explaining his language use.  Ã‚  

Task Force Smith (Korean War) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Task Force Smith (Korean War) - Research Paper Example Introduction The term, â€Å"Task Force Smith† derives the ill-fated battle between the United States of America (USA) and the Republic of Korea (ROK) where U.S.A lost shamefully to the opponents. The cause of the loss resulted from machinery and artillery incompetence. The Americans, under the command of Colonel Charles B. Smith, engaged in the battlefield with lesser powerful weapons as compared to the North Koreans (Murray, 2005). The troop set foot on the Korean land at a time that the enemy was advancing. The U.S.A had assumed a tremendous win following that of the Second World War. They did not train prior to the battle, used poor equipment, and approached the battle with a troop of 514 men (United States, 2007). The following outlines the deeper script of the turn of events, the artillery used to attack the enemy, the result of the war and the eventual failure of the American troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles B. Smith. The cause of the war In the ye ar 1950, North Korea advanced towards South Korea, three years after the Second World War, thus, provoking a battle over territorial rights. The North was fully prepared to war unlike their neighbors with whom they caught unawares. South Korea, being weak in military skills and weaponry, seek help from U.S.A thinking that it would help defeat the enemy, but this posed more than enough challenges to U.S. America lacked enough and most recent ammunition thus, they declined to attend the war (McMurran, 2008). The South Koreans further pleaded for help and the U.S.A offered two-week training to the Korean army. After the two weeks training, America applauded South Korean Military and commented on their degree of integrity and the skill, they now possessed to retaliate against the enemy. The South Koreans, overwhelmed by the praises, proceeded to the battlefield with a lion heart, as they perceived a win over an enemy they did not analyze (United States, 2007). South Koreans depended ful ly on guns, while their enemy had the best weaponry from the Soviets. Approximately, the north possessed over 34 tanks each with 88mm caliber. However, this did not distract the Southerners as they pursued their enemy to the battlefront. The turn of events was extremely sad as they lost their lives to the mortars and shelling of the North Korean tanks and troops. South Koreans fought relentlessly to win their bid over the sophisticated enemy (McMurran, 2008). All their efforts bore no fruits, and many lost their lives to the battle thus; they slowly retreated. America got the news at the same time that the southerners’ were retreating from the battlefield. America deployed 514 men to combat the vulnerable enemy, unknown to them that the enemy rest prepared (Edwards, 2010). The U.S.A troop and its government overlooked North Korea’s potentials in the battlefield and underestimated them altogether. North Korea had already forecasted chances that the Second World War winn er would intervene into the battle were similarly high, and this led to the massive preparation in training, equipment, and competent troops. U.S.A assumed that, on stepping grounds, northerner’s would retrieve from the battle and eventually surrender. Therefore, it did not hit to them that, the northerners would dare stand them despite their number. On the contrary, North Korea remained adequately prepared to conquer the enemy, thus instead of retreating, they proceeded further into the battlefront to counter the advancing U.S.A troop

Event Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Event Analysis - Essay Example It will further help to identify the potential risks associated with the event and provide strategies to mitigate those risks. In addition, the report will focus on the staffing requirements and role of the volunteers in conducting the event successfully. Moreover, the budgetary requirement will be determined and the official partners of the festival will be identified. Additionally, the promotional strategy used by the organisers to promote the event will be evaluated. Last but not the least, recommendations will be provided in order to enhance the services being rendered to the visitors. Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Technical, Site and Other Logistical Requirements of the Event 5 Identification of Possible Risks and Steps Taken by the Organisers of the Event 6 Staffing Requirements and Role of Volunteers in Conducting the Event 7 Budgetary Requirements of the Event 8 Promotions Mix Used To Promote the Event 10 Recommendations 11 Conclusion 13 References 14 Introduction Hue is acknowledged as the ancient capital of Vietnam. The city is further renowned for the glorious architecture of its palaces, temples, citadels and royal tombs among others. Furthermore, the greenish background on the banks of Perfume River has inspired several authors to create marvellous poetries regarding the heritage of the city (AsiaRooms, 2012a). Festivals and events form an essential part of the rich cultural tradition that prevails within the city area of Hue. The city is also regarded as quite famous for inspiring and rendering developmental assistance to creative artists and art enthusiasts due to which the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) declared it as a Wold Cultural Heritage Site in 1993. It was since then that Hue Festivals have been organised. The Hue Festival includes traditional concerts, theatrical performances, dance competitions and art exhibitions along with conducting sightseeing across the city. Notab ly, Hue festivals and events are organised for the purpose of promoting peace, harmony and supporting greater cultural exchange (AsiaRooms, 2012b). Huge numbers of artists across the world participates and performs in around 200 shows in more than 40 venues which continue for 9 consecutive days within the city. The festival involves a footfall of 1.5 million domestic and 150 million international visitors (Vietnam Online, 2011). Technical, Site and Other Logistical Requirements of the Event Hue festival comprises various cultural events which are organised in different venues, especially during the evening. Therefore, sufficient lighting has been one of the prime requirements of this festival. Moreover, the availability of artist’s specific utilities requires being arranged in advance in order to welcome them with satisfactory warmth from various countries. In addition, drum is regarded to be the most crucial instruments required for conducting this event. Hence, the organise rs are often observed to hold public biddings inviting experienced contractors to provide equipments on a rental basis for installation of sound, lighting and theatrical instruments for such a massive event (Hue Festival Centre, 2010a). The venues chosen for conducting the Hue festival are generally found to emphasising on its capacity of accommodating millions of visitors. The venues are mostly open-air situated near the banks of Nghinh Luong Dinh